Spring Boot Tutorial 0/110 lessons ~6 min read Lesson 95

    Scalable Backend Systems

    Scalable systems are built on a few invariants: stateless services, shared-nothing data, async where possible, observable everywhere.

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    Introduction

    Scalable systems are built on a few invariants: stateless services, shared-nothing data, async where possible, observable everywhere.

    Understanding the topic

    • Stateless services — any replica can serve any request.
    • Externalise state — DB, Redis, S3, Kafka.
    • Asynchronous boundaries — queues for slow / unreliable work.
    • Caching layers — CDN → Redis → DB.
    • Backpressure — bounded queues, timeouts, circuit breakers.
    • Idempotency end to end — retries are inevitable.
    • Partitioning — by tenant, region, or hash key.
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